Similarities And Differences Between Charles Dickol And A...

The book A Christmas Carol is a well known book. It is a book written by Charles Dickens. This 1843 book, shows a remarkable journey of Scrooge, a cold hearted banker getting haunted by his old deceased business partner and other ghosts to make him a better person. In 1969 Animated A Christmas Carol was made. The two have many similarities and differences. There are many similarities/differences between A Christmas Carol and a 1969 Animated Film A Christmas Carol from Charles Dickens, which are Marley the Ghost, the ghost’s characteristics, also the Christmas day events. On a bitter Christmas Eve Ebenezer Scrooge started his transformation from Marley’s dead message. Scrooge’s deceased business partner, Jacob Marley has a message†¦show more content†¦At the end of the contact with Marley, similarly to the book, he dismissed the interaction and woke up to the bell, with the Ghost of Christmas Past by Scrooge’s side. In the story A Christmas Carol, there were three spirits that came to him at night. The First ghost, The Ghost of Christmas Past was portrayed as a man with long white hair. It’s face was without wrinkles and resembled Scrooge as a child and also a man. It wears white and holds holly in its hand. With Scrooge they visited where he grew up and old workplaces to show where his greed came from. The second ghost was the Ghost of Christmas Present. The Ghost of Christmas Present was tall and wears holly on his head. Dark brown hair curls cover his face with a green robe hanging on him. The ghost guides him through the streets of his town, showing him how happy the Christmas time is for people. Then the ghost took them to the Cratchits house, the owner Bob Cratchit is an employee of Scrooge. The ghost mentions that there is going to be an empty crutch in the corner. This means that Tiny Tim’s life about to be gone. This is because of Scrooge’s greed to mankind. The last ghost was the quiet Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come. Scrooge was scared of this ghost because it did not talk. The ghost wore a black garment that covers it head and only shows his skeleton hands. This spirit shows that Tiny Tim dies in the future and also foreshadows Scrooges death. The 1969

Irony in Kate Chopins Story of an Hour Essay - 796 Words

Irony in Chopins Story of an Hour Irony is a useful device for giving stories many unexpected twists and turns. In Kate Chopins The Story of an Hour, irony is used as an effective literary device. Situational irony is used to show the reader that what is expected to happen sometimes doesnt. Dramatic irony is used to clue the reader in on something that is happening that the characters in the story do not know about. Irony is used throughout Chopins The Story of an Hour through the use of situational irony and the use of dramatic irony. Situational irony is used in The Story of an Hour through Mrs. Mallards reaction to her husbands death and the description of the settings around her at this time. Upon†¦show more content†¦Mrs. Mallard is pleased that her husband has died, which certainly is not the reaction that one would expect. Another case of situational irony is the description of Mrs. Mallards surroundings after hearing the news of her husbands death. When Mrs. Mallard retreats to her room, she looks out the window. The majority of times when surroundings are described in stories after bad news, everything looks dark and gloomy because of the sadness that the character must be feeling. However, the surroundings Mrs. Mallard experiences are anything but dark and gloomy. The world was described as warm and friendly. She could hear someone singing and the birds twittering. There were patches of blue sky showing here and there through the clouds (Chopin 213). It seems as though her surrounding s are a reflection of her feelings. Normally, one would expect her to be feeling sad and depressed, and therefore her surroundings to be depressing as well. Dramatic irony is also used in Chopins The Story of an Hour through Mrs. Mallards realization that she is free from her husband and with her death. During the time Mrs. Mallard spent alone in her room, she experienced a revelation that she no longer would be bound to her husband. However, no one else in the story knew of this realization. They all believed that she was extremely depressed, and that was the reason she had gone to her room. Josephine even thought that Mrs. Mallard was making herself sick. SheShow MoreRelated Irony in Kate Chopins The Story of an Hour Essays1295 Words   |  6 PagesIrony in Kate Chopins The Story of an Hour A very dull and boring story can be made into a great story simply by adding in something that is unexpected to happen. When the unexpected is used in literature it is known as irony. An author uses irony to shock the reader by adding a twist to the story. The author of â€Å"The Story of an Hour† is Kate Chopin. Her use of irony in the story is incredibly done more than once. Irony is thinking or believing some event will happen but in return the unexpectedRead More Contrast of Irony and Style in Kate Chopins The Story of an Hour1411 Words   |  6 PagesContrast of Irony and Style in Kate Chopins The Story of an Hour  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kate Chopins use of irony in her short story, The Story of an Hour, stands in direct contrast to the subtle manner in which she tells the story. Strong use of irony in a short story yields more honesty in a character. She achieves this quality by immediately setting the premise, that Mrs. Mallards fragile health would ultimately lead to her demise, upon receiving the news of her husbands death. Before an immediate assumptionRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour And A Pair Of Silk Stockings By Kate Chopin1057 Words   |  5 Pagesliterary repertoire, or style, to appeal to the audience in which they are writing to. Kate Chopin is a well-known writer, known for her works that mainly focus around women and their expected roles in society. Chopin’s writings are often based on the effect that the turn of the century had on women, which she best expresses in her two short stories â€Å"The Story of an Hour† and â€Å"A Pair of Silk Stockings†. In both of the stories previousl y stated, the author gives the audience just enough background on theRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin862 Words   |  4 PagesFiction Analysis: The Story of an Hour Kate Chopin’s short story, â€Å"The Story of an Hour†, is about one married woman’s true hidden feelings of being married in the 19th century. The story was published in 1894, a time where it was unacceptable for women to express their wants and needs as a woman. Women were not seen equal to men and did not have the same privileges as men such as voting. Therefore, some of her literary works were considered controversial. It wasn’t soon until the late 20 centuryRead Moreexemplification essay653 Words   |  3 PagesEssay Types of Irony Is it strange how love can be a source of happiness, but also cause a lot of pain? Yet people tend to search for love, and once these people find love it comes with both pleasure and ache. Irony plays a role in love because love is what people perceive as joy but also causes hurt, yet people still search for love. In Kate Chopin’s Story of an Hour, there are different forms of literary, situational, and dramatic irony used. The first type of irony which Kate Chopin uses isRead MoreThe Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin632 Words   |  3 Pages The term â€Å"irony† is not easy to define perhaps because it is largely misunderstood. For instance, there are some people who use the term â€Å"irony† interchangeably with â€Å"misfortune† or the term â€Å"ironic† with â€Å"cynical.† Oftentimes, literature is an excellent teacher about what certain terms mean. Indeed, Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of an Hour† and Edward Arlington Robinson’s â€Å"Miniver Cheevy† seem to provide excellent insight as to what â€Å"irony† truly means. In addition to these, scrutiny of Lawrence Berkove’sRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour Analysis1120 Words   |  5 Pagesuntil death should be a reaction of hurting and a change in the way one views the future. In â€Å"The Story of an Hour.† Kate Chopin’s makes use of irony to show how sometime s people do not show what they truly feel because most of ones feeling or reactions have already been predicted by others. In â€Å"The Story of an Hour,† the readers are introduced to a woman named Louise Mallard, which Kate Chopin’s informs over her â€Å"heart trouble† in the beginning to make the readers understand the position Mrs.Read MoreSymbolism In Kate Chopins The Story Of An Hour1013 Words   |  5 PagesWhile most of Kate Chopin’s short stories were well received, â€Å"The Story of an Hour† was originally rejected by publishers until 1894 when Vogue decided to publish the short story. However after her death most of Chopin’s work was forgotten, that was until the 1950s when her work again was recognized as insightful and moving, setting into motion a Kate Chopin revival which was both successful and remarkable (Biography). â€Å"The Story of an Hour† focuses on the liberation and new found freedom of a newlyRead MoreLouise Mallard’s Demise in â€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin600 Words   |  3 PagesLouise Mallardâ₠¬â„¢s Demise in â€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin Kate Chopin’s short story, â€Å"The Story of an Hour†, is about a woman, named Louise Mallard, in the late 1800s who is told that her husband, Brently, has died in a railroad accident. Initially, Louise is surprised, distressed, and drowned in sorrow. After mourning the loss, the woman realizes that she is finally free and independent, and that the only person she has to live for is herself. She becomes overwhelmed with joy about her newRead MoreIrony Of An Hour By Kate Chopin1008 Words   |  5 Pagesare his in his car. The officer then conducts a search on his car and finds a plastic bag full of cocaine. This is an example of irony. Literary irony can be used to get the readers attention, to cause the reader to stop and think, and to emphasize the author’s main point or idea. Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of An Hour† has many instances of irony. These instances of irony are used as ensure the reader’s attention, to provoke thought, and the most important use is to emphasize the idea of how oppressive

English Language and English Proficiency Levels Free Essays

string(89) " instruments that are used to determine the results on what is being taught by teachers\." Carrie Wertepny Domain 1: Culture (Cross-Cultural Communications) Standard 1: Culture as a Factor in ELLs’ Learning Why are having Domain’s and Standards important to teachers? Domains and Standards play a huge part in giving teachers indicators on their children’s performances. We as teachers need certain domains and standards on identifying and monitoring the children’s performances throughout the classroom. Having standards allows us as teachers to indicate their levels of ability and performances to be met. We will write a custom essay sample on English Language and English Proficiency Levels or any similar topic only for you Order Now Their are three levels of standards that can be measured on the children’s ability how well they perform. The three types of standards that teachers use are Approaches Standards, Meet Standards and Exceeds Standards. (  2003. by teachers of English speakers of other languages, Inc, TESOL  ) In Culture (Cross-Cultural Communications) the first domain of five. This  is an important factor in ELLs to learn and understand the language knowledge from the diverse backgrounds. The most recent survey says in (2005-2006) the population of ELL’s is up approximately  10 percent of the total public school enrolled and increasing every year. (Why TESOL? pg 5-6) Why TESOL? States, â€Å"Providing for the English Language learners is one of the school districts greatest challenges. † Their are many indicators we can use to help us engage in our children’s diversity. Some ideas I found interesting to help would be, displaying artifacts from different cultures. Celebrating ethnic holidays throughout the year would be a great way to inform others and help the children feel comfortable. I believe that getting to know your students background and engaging in their life stories will help us succeed and be effective in their learning for ELL’s and  their diverse background. Performance Indicators 1. 1. a. Understand and apply knowledge about cultural values and beliefs in the context of teaching and learning of ELLs, from diverse backgrounds and at varying English proficiency levels. 1. 1. b. Understand and apply knowledge of concepts of cultural competence, particularly knowledge about how cultural identities affect learning and academic progress for students from diverse backgrounds and at varying English proficiency levels. 1. 1. c. Use a range of resources in learning about the cultural experiences of ELLs and their families to guide curriculum development and instruction. . 1. d. Understand and apply knowledge about the effects of racism, stereotyping, and discrimination in teaching and learning of ELLs from diverse backgrounds and at varying English proficiency levels. 1. 1. e. Understand and apply knowledge about home/school connections to build partnerships with ELLs’ families (e. g. , Parent Leadership Councils (PLC)). 1. 1. f. Understan d and apply knowledge about concepts related to the interrelationship between language and culture for students from diverse backgrounds and at varying English proficiency levels. Course| Indicator(s)| How I learned about this Standard| Evidence that I learned about this standard| TSL 4080| 1. 1| Why Tesol? Chapters 1-4| Victor video, You tube| TSL 4081| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Domain 3: Methods of Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL) Standard 1: ESL/ESOL Research and History Teachers will demonstrate knowledge of history, public policy, research and current practices in the field of ESL/ESOL teaching and apply this knowledge to improve teaching and learning for ELLs. See attached paper) Performance Indicators 3. 1. a. Demonstrate knowledge of L2 teaching methods in their historical context. 3. 1. b. Demonstrate awareness of current research relevant to best practices in second language and literacy instruction. 3. 1. c. Demonstrate knowledge of the evolution of laws and policy in the ESL profession, including program models for ELL instruction. Course| Indicator(s)| How I learned about this Standard| Evidence that I learned about this standard| TSL 4080| 3. 1| Why Tesol? School research paper and Reserch| TSL 4081| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Hyperlinks to (attached documents must be saved in the Portfolio folder) Attachment(s): School research paper URL(s): Summary: See attached paper, for Domains 1,3,5 Domain 5: Assessment (ESOL Testing and Evaluation) Standard 1: Assessment Issues for ELLS Teachers will understand and apply knowledge of assessment issues as they affect the learning of ELLs from diverse backgrounds and at varying English proficiency levels. Examples include cultural and linguistic bias; testing in two languages; sociopolitical and psychological factors; special education testing and assessing giftedness; the importance of standards; the difference between formative and summative assessment; and the difference between language proficiency and other types of assessment (e. g. , standardized achievement tests). Teachers will also understand issues around accountability. This includes the implications of standardized assessment as opposed to performance-based assessments, and issues of accommodations in formal testing situations. As teachers it is very important to understand and beware of the different testing and assessing the students. Testing and assessment are two very different things. Mitchell (1992) states that a test is a â€Å"single-occasion, one-dimensional, and timed exercise, usually in multiple choice or short-answer form. † (Why Tesol, pp 201)   Tests are given in the same time frame and the conditions never change. They call these standardized tests. Not all standardized tests work for everyone, especially English Language Learners (Ell)s . An assessment on a student is a done on a wider range of a scale. We as teachers need to get a more oral assessment on the knowledge, background, history, language where the (ELL)s came from. Upon entering a new school for the first time, us as teachers need to know everything about our student’s background and language. We ask every parent or guardian to fill out an Home Language Survey (HLS) which in tails about 3-5 questions about their language used at home. This (HLS) will give us an indication how much school the student has had and a background about their family as well as their native language. It is up to administrators to make sure the students are placed correctly and teachers to watch and document their language growth throughout the year. As for the testing and assessing, formal and informal are a type of assessment that is brought in to teach ESL students. It is important to test them on their linguistic skills, which include, phonology, morphology, syntax, and vocabulary. These are just language assessments instruments that are used to determine the results on what is being taught by teachers. You read "English Language and English Proficiency Levels" in category "Language" Formal measures are based on standardized test. They are very structured, timed and trained to be given and administered by very strict rules. It is sometimes very hard for and (ELL)s to take a formal test due to their reading,writing capabilities. As for informal measures, they are a little more hands on learning. As teachers we can do activities and determine students strengths orally and visually. Their is no set time and can be given in various languages not just English. It is very important the student is assessed correctly for the correct placement in his/her program. It is also very important to understand the federal laws that coincide with the equal educational opportunities for all students regardless of national origin, ethnicity,or languages. (Why TESOL? , 2010)   The consent decree was a law that was passed that consists of six different principals to be met in each section. Each (ELL)s student has to be assessed in six steps which include: identification, appropriate and categorical programming (LEP), personnel, monitoring and outcome measures. (Why TESOl? pp 210) After the (ELL)s are measured they now are placed in a certain level. Levels such as (A1- E) each of these levels indicate what (ESOL) service or basic program they will be placed into. Making sure the proper assessments are given before, during and after school is very crucial to ones learning. The very initial start of school is the most important evaluation and steps that need to be taken to follow the correct standards and laws for the English Language Learner. Performance Indicators 5. 1. a. Demonstrate an understanding of the purposes of assessment as they relate to ELLs of diverse backgrounds and at varying English proficiency levels. 5. 1. b. Identify a variety of assessment procedures appropriate for ELLs of diverse backgrounds and at varying English proficiency levels. 5. 1. c. Demonstrate an understanding of appropriate and valid language and literacy assessments for ELLs of diverse backgrounds and at varying English proficiency levels. 5. 1. d. Demonstrate understanding of the advantages and limitations of assessments, including the array of accommodations allowed for ELLs of diverse backgrounds and at varying English proficiency levels. 5. 1. e. Distinguish among ELLs’ language differences, giftedness, and special education needs. Course| Indicator(s)| How I learned about this Standard| Evidence that I learned about this standard| TSL 4080| 5. 1| Why Tesol? Chapters 22-26| Power point/ You tube| TSL 4081| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Standard 2: Language Proficiency Assessment: Teachers will appropriately uses and interpret a variety of language proficiency assessment instruments to meet district, state, and federal guidelines, and to inform their instruction. Teachers will understand their uses for identification, placement, and demonstration of language growth of ELLs from diverse ackgrounds and at varying English proficiency levels. Teachers will articulate the appropriateness of ELL assessments to stakeholders. Factors influencing the assessment of English Language Learners are very important to understand. Language factors and guidelines consist of: * Different linguistic backgrounds- * Varying levels of proficiency in English * Varying levels of proficiency in native language Educational Background Fact ors: * Varying degrees of formal schooling in native Language Cultural factors can also be a great source that adds complexity of appropriate assessing and (ELL)s student. T To plan the assessment, polls are taken by the general student population, which includes English Language Learners. Test taking is a way to getting a clear and valid interpretation of the students ability. Testing is done for all major purposes. They can be used to evaluate readiness for advancement, or for remediation. It is very important according to the laws that modifications must be made for ESOL students, based on the level and language skills of comprehension. It is very crucial that teachers don’t wait until the â€Å"know enough† to instruct the, in school content. Educational Testing Service, 2009, ETS, the ETS logo) It so happens that in many states, ESOL students who have been in the ESOL program for less than two years might be exempted from taking other testing. It is very important that the ESOL committee and school districts of that state evaluate all testing for ELL learners. (Why TESOL? p. 223-225) Domain 5: Assessment (ESOL Testing and Evaluation) Standard 2: Language Proficiency Assessment Teachers will appropriately use and interpret a variety of language proficiency assessment instruments to meet district, state, and federal guidelines, and to inform their instruction. Teachers will understand their uses for identification, placement, and demonstration of language growth of ELLs from diverse backgrounds and at varying English proficiency levels. Teachers will articulate the appropriateness of ELL assessments to stakeholders. Performance Indicators 5. 2. a. Understand and implement district, state, and federal requirements for identification, reclassification, and exit of ELLs from language support programs, including requirements of the LULAC Consent Decree. 5. 2. b. Identify and use a variety of assessment procedures for ELLs of diverse backgrounds and varying English proficiency levels. . 2. c. Use multiple sources of information to assess ELLs’ language and literacy skills and communicative competence. Course| Indicator(s)| How I learned about this Standard| Evidence that I learned about this standard| TSL 4080| 5. 2a5. 3b| Why TEOL? Chap 25| Online E-Learning Journel| TSL 4081| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Standard 3: Classroom-Based As sessment for ELLS Teachers will identify, develop, and use a variety of standards- and performance-based, formative and summative assessment tools and techniques to inform instruction and assess student learning. Teachers will understand their uses for identification, placement, and demonstration of language growth of ELLs from diverse backgrounds and at varying English proficiency levels. Teachers will articulate the appropriateness of ELL assessments to stakeholders Colorin Colorado (2007) states â€Å"Informal assessments (also called authentic or alternative) allow teachers to track the ongoing progress of their students regularly and often. While standardized tests measure students at a particular point in the year, ongoing assessments provide continual snapshots of where students are throughout the school year. By using informal assessments, teachers can target students’ specific problem areas, adapt instruction, and intervene earlier rather than later. † Adapted from: Eastern Stream Center on Resources and Training (ESCORT). (2003). Help! They don’t speak English. Starter Kit for Primary Teachers. Oneonta, NY: State University College. It is important to identify and develop certain assessments in a classroom. We as teachers can use performance based assessments by evaluating the language proficiency and schooling through oral reports, speeches, demonstrations, written work and personal portfolios. Here some examples of assessment activities that are geared up for ELL students, for their English speaking proficiency. * Reading buddies * Story telling * Role playing * Visual prompts with writing * Oral note taking * Telling a story with picture books * Playing fun games * Brainstorming with buddies These are some of hundreds of ideas for teachers to develop assessments with different techniques and tools. Teachers can track their growth an ability for placement for the student. Domain 5: Assessment (ESOL Testing and Evaluation) Standard 3: Classroom-Based Assessment for ELLs Teachers will identify, develop, and use a variety of standards- and performance-based, formative and summative assessment tools and techniques to inform instruction and assess student learning. Teachers will understand their uses for identification, placement, and demonstration of language growth of ELLs from diverse backgrounds and at varying English proficiency levels. Teachers will articulate the appropriateness of ELL assessments to stakeholders. Performance Indicators 5. 3. a. Use performance-based assessment tools and tasks that measure ELLs’ progress in English language and literacy development. 5. 3. b. Understand and use criterion-referenced assessments appropriately with ELLs from diverse backgrounds and at varying English proficiency levels. 5. 3. c. Use various tools and techniques to assess content-area learning (e. g. , math, science, social studies) for ELLs at varying levels of English language and literacy development. 5. 3. d. Prepare ELLs to use self- and peer-assessment techniques, when appropriate. 5. 3. e. Assist ELLs in developing necessary test-taking skills. 5. 3. f. Assess ELLs’ language and literacy development in classroom settings using a variety of authentic assessments, e. g. , portfolios, checklists, and rubrics. Course| Indicator(s)| How I learned about this Standard| Evidence that I learned about this standard| TSL 4080| 5. 3a,5. 3c5. 3d| Why TESOL? | http://www. colorincolorado. org/educators/assessment/informal/| TSL 4081| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | How to cite English Language and English Proficiency Levels, Essays

Product Life Cycle Management (PLM) Click Now to Get Solution

Question: ExplainProduct Life Cycle Management (PLM). Answer: Introduction: A business organization in order to initiate its business related activities should be aware of the processes that need to be incorporated and maintained for proceeding with development and growth process. Appropriate and well-informed knowledge about the products to be produced along with the presence of the advanced technology, are the required fields that have to be taken into consideration during the inception of the business organization. Proper know-how about the concepts of the product life cycle and product portfolio are the major factors determining the future progress of the companies (Sharma et al. 2016.). Product Life Cycle Management (PLM): PLCM or the Product Life Cycle Management refers to a business solution or a business approach that deals with the aspects involved in managing various processes related to the entire lifecycle of a product. These processes include right from the inception, designing, manufacture to the service and disposal of the products. PLM is one of the phases of the entire marketing process, right from the inception of the product in the market till the selling of the products. The people remain aware about the price of the products and about the constituency of the new products launched (Yue et al. 2013). Hardly, people are informed about the complete process of the PLM or the management of the life cycle of the products that are launched in the market. Therefore, Theorode Levitt did mention in one of his articles, that PLM or the Product Life Cycle Management is akin to the Copernican view of the universe. In case of the Copernican view of the universe that was devised by Copernicus, people c ame to know about the whole concept, but they hardly incorporated the fact into life. The product life cycle management shows the manner in which the span of any product is maintained in the market (Al-Refaie and Bata 2016.). The entire process of sales of any particular product reveals a definite pattern or structure. This pattern of the sales is known as the Product Life Cycle Management. The cycle consists of four definite stages, namely, Introductory stage ,Growth Stage, Maturity stage and Declining stage. Preceding the Introductory stage, there is the stage of Research and Development. The business firm incorporate specific industrial processes of Research and Development to upgrade and review the quality standards of the product before launching. The next stage is the introductory stage that initiates the process of PLM. At this stage, the business organization introduces or launches the product in the market. During this time, the demand for the product is minimal, as this is the stage when the consumers are in the process of perceiving the features and the standards of the product. Growth stage is the second stage of the PLM. This is the stage when the product begins to gain its demand, and the demand graph records an upward rising status. This is the moment, when the customers develop a trust over the products quality and suggest other consumers to do so (Askham et al., 2013). The third stage is one of Maturity. This is the stage, when the products demand continues to record a growth; however, there remains a decreasing trend in the demand. The last or the fourth dimension in the PLM is the Declining stage. At this stage, sales and the sales revenue of the product begins to decline. This is the phase that shows the fact that it is difficult for any product to continue its demand or sale with the same intensity throughout (Stark 2016.). In relation to the concept Product Lifecycle, many critics and authors did put forth various opinions. It has been proposed by few critics that that PLM or the Product Lifecycle Management process cannot be taken as a model or framework to measure or anticipate the changes that may occur in the sales revenue that can be incurred from the product, or in its demand structure. Neither this model can be presumed as a suitable framework for assessing any alternative strategies for the product. On the other hand, other critics such as Dhalla and Yuseph, opined that the it is not possible always judge the expected sales growth or demand for the product that may take place n the future. It is known that the market for any product is based on the current and expected sales growth as well as on the expected competitive intensity for the product. Thus, it is also difficult to judge or anticipate at which stage the product can be at any particular time. Moreover, PLM is such a strategy that only informs about the stages of the product that a product undergoes after it is launched in the market; however, it does not take into consideration any issue from the consumers viewpoints (ElMaraghy et al. 2013). An analysis of Product Life Cycle of Kellogs Nutri Grain (A Leading Brand in the manufacturing of the Cereals): Kellogs is known as one of the chief brands in terms of the breakfast cereals. Kellogs brands or the products have become the most common names around the world. Introductory stage: At the initial stage financial uncertainty is common due to high expenditure incurred to develop the product and investment made for promotion and extensive research expenditure. Advertising is an highly expensive part of marketing as the marketing managers have to make their customers aware of their new product (Meinrenken et al. 2014.).Although introduction is a highly expensive and uncertain stage there are ways to assist the product through the unpleasant stage; Selective distribution- distribution should begin at one place and reaction of the customers should be evaluated Introduction of various sales related schemes and discounts for attracting the demand of the consumers. Advertising and Management Proper promotion of the brands, in order to develop consumer awareness. One of the most important products of Kellogs, i.e., Kelloggs cornflakes, has reserved their market position for a long time. Nutri Grain was launched in 1997 and it was an immediate success as it was brought into the market to meet up with the needs of busy life when people hardly have time to prepare their breakfast. Nutri-Grain received about 50% share of the cereal bar market in just two years which was a great achievement for a product of any kind (Kwak and Kim 2015). Growth Stage: The second stage is that of growth stage where the consumer acceptance for the product and the sales rises. During this stage competitors up grades the information about the product sales and starts developing the competitive products. Nutri-Grains sales steadily increased as the product was promoted and became well known. It sustained the growth in sales till 2002. The market position of Nutri-Grain also subtly modified from a missed breakfast product to an all-day healthy breakfast or snack, thereby increasing its sales. (Varley 2014). Maturity Stage: In maturity stage sales continue to grow up to a certain extent. But, eventually it falls down due to increase in the competition by the competitors. As competition grows, the producers have to cut the prices for the sake of maintaining the demand for the product (Belasco 2014). Kelloggs Nutri-Grain bars faced tough competition from Alpen bars, which offered the same features as did the Nutri-Grain bar. This slowed down the growth of the market for the Nutri Grain. Kelloggs was one of the strong companies who fought for their product to succeed and overcome this stage. Kelloggs continued to support the development of the brand but some products such as Minis and Twists find competition in the crowded market. Elevenses continued to progress with its demand; this was not enough to control the overall sales decline. Declining Stage: The last stage in the PLC is the stage where the sale starts decreasing. Profit level is extremely low at this stage as the company has to reduce the price of the product in order to keep make the customers buy the product. By mid-2004 Nutri-Grain found its sales diminishing at the same time the market continued to grow at a very slow pace. Clearly, at this point, Kelloggs had to make a key business decision (Ding et al. 2014). Sales were falling; the product was in decline and losing its position (Schenkl et al.2013). However, at present the market condition of the brand in the market proves that Kelloggs has been able to retain its quality standards in the global market. The Product Life Cycle of Kellogs Nutri Grain has been also managed well throughout these years, as the market share of Kellogs has shown stability without any drastic rise or fall in demand and supply. The quality and benefits of the product with reasonable cost structure enables the consumers to satisfy their needs in everyday life (Corallo et al. 2013). Thus, in case of any kind of product, if the quality levels and the ethical standards are maintained judiciously, it becomes possible for the lifecycle of the product to complete the cycle but without losing its constancy in the market zone. Introduction to Product Portfolio: Product Portfolio refers to the range of the products that an organization manufactures or deals with in the market. A particular organization may comprise of different categories of products, which together form the Product Portfolio (Archibald and Archibald 2015). For instance, in the case of Hindustan Unilever, the brand consists of various types or an entire range of products, namely, Dove, Vaseline, Pepsodent, Lakme, Lux, Clinic Plus and many more. In case of the brand Unilever, the product Portfolio of this brand comprises of a huge range of products (Gyulai et al.2014.). The company excels in the production of different products that serve the individuals in the fields of sustainable living, personal care, refreshment, entertainment. Brands like, intercos, Lumi, REN, Sunlight, Dove, Surf Excel, CyDen, Lux, Lifebuoy, ioma, B.LAB, iluminage and many more constitute the product portfolio of the Unilever. Product Portfolio Management is such a strategy that helps the organization in managing a wide range of products. In a company, there exists many departments, and thus, in order to manage the functioning of all the departments, the company sets forth a different and separate managerial department that deals with and manages the supervision of all other departments of the company. In the similar manner, the incorporation of the concept of Product Portfolio along with the Product Portfolio management is required to manage and supervise the sales and supply of various products manufactured by the organization. The concept of the Product Portfolio Management did originate through the research that had been conducted in the arena of NPD or the New Product development. Introduction of a wide variety of new products in a company with new innovative measures is integral for an organization to prosper in the market (Li et al l2013.). When a company is able to conduct the Product portfolio Management, the company is ensured of a planned business strategy. Furthermore , if the management strategy is superior and upgraded , especially the one that is involved in the innovative measures, prudent selection, better allocation of resources and evaluation and decision making procedures, the growth of the firm in the global market zone is inevitable (Kim et al.2013). Thus, appropriate analysis of the Portfolio decisions; demand a clear understanding of the intersection among the resources, the needs of the clients of the company as well as those of the consumers and the technological strength of the organization. Four goals are associated with the strategy of the Product Portfolio Management. These include maximization of the value of the Portfolio, achieving the correct form of balance between the projects, having a strategically aligned portfolio and suitable allocation of the resources (Go 2015). Decision-making related to the portfolio is regarded as one of the most important processes or factors associated with the process of NPD of an organization . In case of one of the most well-known companies of the world, Kellogs, the aspect of the Product Portfolio management becomes very important. The presence of a varied set of products that are sold by the organization in the field breakfast cereals, demands the company to undertake favourable allocation of resources and decision making strategies in order to maintain its stability and progress in the world market (Abbey et al. 2013.) Product Portfolio of Apple: Apple Inc. Has proved itself to be one of the most innovative companies in the field of technology. It caters to a wide range of people and meets wide scope of demands. The company has been successful to satisfy the changing trends in the demand criteria of the consumers across the world (Giachetti and Dagnino 2015). Starting from Desktop and Portable Computer, it has excelled in dealing with the products like, iPod, iPhone, Smartphone and in the introduction of iTunes (the online music store). Various products in the Apple Portfolio face challenges in the market from the other competitors. These competitors are able to provide the same devices at low process unlike apple, thereby incurring less profit in order to compete with Apple. This happens mainly with the music products and services. However, the founder of the company Steve Jobs had aimed to provide the quality services to the consumers and anticipate the changing demands of the customers beforehand (Li et al.2013). Thus, the product Portfolio Management of the company is able to succeed in its innovations and strengthen its Product Portfolio by providing latest products and value-added services to the consumers. This helps the company to retain its stability in the world market, although the cost structure of the companys products and services may be high. Conclusion: Thus, it becomes clear that the Product lifecycle management strategies and the Product Portfolio management are the two major strategies of any business firm that are required to be strictly followed for the sake of encouraging and enhancing the business interest of a company (Chang et al.2014.).PLM is actually concerned with the process of updating and managing knowledge about the creation and management of the product and the technology that is implemented in the production of the product. PLM is the means that provide information about the product to both the concerned business organization and its extended enterprise as well as to the consumers. PLM consists of a set of business solutions that can give the right information about the product at the right time. On the other hand, when a company is engaged in dealing with a large number of products, it becomes a tough job for the organization to deal with the management of all the products in a prudent manner. Therefore, Product P ortfolio is incorporated by the organization to manage the hierarchy of the products in terms of their supply and sales (Meinrenken et al.2014). Recommendations: Maintenance of accurate supply and sales strategies, incorporation of the new products with the help of the innovative technologies, recruitment of specialized individuals in different departments of a company for the incorporation of developmental decisions in the company are the major prerequisites for the growth of a business (Hitt et al.2012.). These rudiments, if followed, can make the sales and supply curve of a company to move upward. These strategies coupled with PLM and Product Portfolio management can contribute towards the betterment of the promotion a particular product. References: Abbey, J.D., Guide, V.D.R. and Souza, G.C., 2013. Delayed differentiation for multiple lifecycle products. Production and Operations Management, 22(3), pp.588-602. Archibald, R.D. and Archibald, S., 2015. Leading and Managing Innovation: What Every Executive Team Must Know about Project, Program, and Portfolio Management (Vol. 22). CRC Press. Askham, C., Gade, A.L. and Hanssen, O.J., 2013. Linking chemical risk information with life cycle assessment in product development. Journal of Cleaner Production, 51, pp.196-204. Chang, D., Lee, C.K.M. and Chen, C.H., 2014. Review of life cycle assessment towards sustainable product development. Journal of Cleaner Production, 83, pp.48-60. Cooper, R.G., 2013. Where are all the breakthrough new products?: Using portfolio management to boost innovation. Research-Technology Management, 56(5), pp.25-33. Corallo, A., Latino, M.E., Lazoi, M., Lettera, S., Marra, M. and Verardi, S., 2013. Defining product lifecycle management: A journey across features, definitions, and concepts. ISRN Industrial Engineering, 2013. Ding, M., Eliashberg, J. and Stremersch, S., 2014. Innovation and marketing in the pharmaceutical industry. Emerging Practices, Research, and Policies. New York: Spring Science. Print. ElMaraghy, H., Schuh, G., ElMaraghy, W., Piller, F., Schnsleben, P., Tseng, M. and Bernard, A., 2013. Product variety management. CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology, 62(2), pp.629-652. Gyulai, D., Kdr, B., Kovcs, A. and Monostori, L., 2014. Capacity management for assembly systems with dedicated and reconfigurable resources. CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology, 63(1), pp.457-460. Hitt, M., Ireland, R.D. and Hoskisson, R., 2012. Strategic management cases: competitiveness and globalization. Cengage Learning. Kwak, M. and Kim, H., 2015. Design for life-cycle profit with simultaneous consideration of initial manufacturing and end-of-life remanufacturing. Engineering Optimization, 47(1), pp.18-35. Meinrenken, C.J., Sauerhaft, B.C., Garvan, A.N. and Lackner, K.S., 2014. Combining Life Cycle Assessment with Data Science to Inform Portfolio Level Value Chain Engineering. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 18(5), pp.641-651. Nilsson-Lindn, H., Baumann, H., Rosn, M. and Diedrich, A., 2014. Organizing life cycle management in practice: challenges of a multinational manufacturing corporation. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, pp.1-15. Schenkl, S.A., Behncke, F.G., Hepperle, C., Langer, S. and Lindemann, U., 2013, October. Managing cycles of innovation processes of product-service systems. In Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC), 2013 IEEE International Conference on (pp. 918-923). IEEE. Stark, J., 2015. Product lifecycle management (pp. 1-29). Springer International Publishing. Stark, J., 2016. Product lifecycle management. In Product Lifecycle Management (Volume 2) (pp. 1-35). Springer International Publishing. Varley, R., 2014. Retail product management: buying and merchandising. Routledge. Yue, D., Kim, M.A. and You, F., 2013. Design of sustainable product systems and supply chains with life cycle optimization based on functional unit: General modeling framework, mixed-integer nonlinear programming algorithms and case study on hydrocarbon biofuels. ACS Sustainable Chemistry Engineering, 1(8), pp.1003-1014. Li, M., Goh, K.Y. and Cavusoglu, H., 2013. Mobile App Portfolio Management and Developers Performance: An Empirical Study of the Apple iOS Platform. Go, S.J., 2015. Strategic analysis of Samsung's smartphone product portfolio: countering the challenge from Chinese competitors (Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology). Giachetti, C. and Dagnino, G.B., 2015. The impact of technological convergence on firms' product portfolio strategy: an information based imitation approach. RD Management. Sharma, P., Davcik, N.S. and Pillai, K.G., 2016. Product innovation as a mediator in the impact of RD expenditure and brand equity on marketing performance. Journal of Business Research. Al-Refaie, A. and Bata, N., 2016. Market Segmentation and Conjoint Analysis for Apple Family Design. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering, 10(4), pp.1047-1051. Kim, D., Thoma, G., Nutter, D., Milani, F., Ulrich, R. and Norris, G., 2013. Life cycle assessment of cheese and whey production in the USA. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 18(5), pp.1019-1035. Belasco, W.J., 2014. Appetite for change: How the counterculture took on the food industry. Cornell University Press.

Biography of Artist Henry Ossawa Tanner

Biography of Artist Henry Ossawa Tanner Born June 21, 1859, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Henry Ossawa Tanner is Americas best known and most popular  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Ã¢â‚¬â€¹African American artist born in the nineteenth century. His painting The Banjo Lesson (1893, Hampton University Museum, Hampton, Virginia), hangs in many classrooms and doctors offices across the nation, familiar and yet not fully understood. Few Americans know the artists name, and fewer still learn about his outstanding accomplishments that often broke through racist barriers. Early Life Tanner was born into a religious and well-educated household. His father, Benjamin Tucker Tanner, graduated from college and became a minister (and later bishop) in the African Methodist Episcopalian Church. His mother, Sarah Miller Tanner, was sent north by her mother through the Underground Railroad to escape the slavery she was born into. (The name Ossawa is based on the abolitionist John Browns nickname Osawatomie Brown, in honor of the Battle of Osawatomie, Kansas in 1856. John Brown was convicted of treason and hanged on December 2, 1859.) The Tanner family moved frequently until they settled in Philadelphia in 1864. Benjamin Tanner hoped his son would follow him into the ministry, but Henry had other ideas by the time he was thirteen. Smitten with art, the young Tanner drew, painted and visited Philadelphia exhibitions as often as possible. A short apprenticeship in a flour mill, which compromised Henry Tanners already frail health, convinced Reverend Tanner that his son should choose his own vocation. Training In 1880, Henry Ossawa Tanner enrolled in the  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, becoming Thomas Eakins (1844-1916) first African American student. Eakins 1900 portrait of Tanner may reflect the close relationship they developed. Certainly, Eakins Realist training, which demanded meticulous analysis of human anatomy, can be detected in Tanners early works such as The Banjo Lesson and The Thankful Poor (1894, William H. and Camille O. Cosby Collection). In 1888, Tanner moved to Atlanta, Georgia and set up a studio to sell his paintings, photographs and art lessons. Bishop Joseph Crane Hartzell and his wife became Tanners principal patrons and ended up purchasing all his paintings in an 1891 studio exhibition. The income allowed Tanner to head for Europe to further his art education. He traveled to London and Rome and then settled in Paris to study with Jean-Paul Laurens (1838-1921) and Jean Joseph Benjamin Constant (1845-1902) at the Acadà ©mie Julien. Tanner returned to Philadelphia in 1893 and encountered racial prejudice that sent him back to Paris by 1894. The Banjo Lesson, completed during that short period in America, drew from the poem The Banjo Song, published in Paul Lawrence Dunbars (1872-1906) collection Oak and Ivy around 1892-93. Career Back in Paris, Tanner began to exhibit at the annual Salon, winning an honorable mention for Daniel in the Lions Den in 1896 and The Raising of Lazarus in 1897. These two works reflect the predominance of biblical themes in Tanners later work and his stylistic shift to a dreamy, iridescent glow throughout his images. In Birthplace of Joan of Arc at Domrà ©my-la-Pucelle (1918), we can see his impressionistic handling of the sunlight on the facade. Tanner married the American opera singer Jessie Olsson in 1899, and their son Jesse Ossawa Tanner was born in 1903. In 1908, Tanner exhibited his religious paintings in a solo show at the American Art Galleries in New York. In 1923, he became an honorary chevalier of the Order of the Legion of Honor, Frances highest award of recognition. In 1927, he became the first African American full academician elected into the National Academy of Design in New York. Tanner died at home on May 25, 1937, most likely in Paris, though some sources claim that he died in his country home in Etaples, Normandy. In 1995, Tanners early landscape Sand Dunes at Sunset, Atlantic City, ca. 1885, became the first work by an African American artist acquired by the White House. This was during the Clinton Administration.   Important Works Sand Dunes at Sunset, Atlantic City, ca. 1885, White House, Washington, D.C.The Banjo Lesson, 1893, Hampton University Museum, Hampton, VirginiaThe Thankful Poor, 1894, William H. and Camille O. Cosby CollectionDaniel in the Lions Den, 1896, Los Angeles County Museum of ArtThe Raising of Lazarus, 1897, Musà ©e dOrsay, Paris Sources: Tanner, Henry Ossawa. The Story of An Artists Life, pp. 11770-11775.Page, Walter Hines and Arthur Wilson Page (eds.). The Worlds work, Volume 18.New York: Doubleday, Page Co., 1909 Driskell, David C. Two Hundred Years of African American Art.Los Angeles and New York: Los Angeles County Museum and Alfred A. Knopf, 1976 Mathews, Marcia M. Henry Ossawa Tanner: American Artist.Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969 and 1995 Bruce, Marcus. Henry Ossawa Tanner: A Spiritual Biography.New York: Crossroad Publishing, 2002 Sims, Lowery Stokes. African American Art: 200 Years.New York: Michael Rosenfeld Gallery, 2008

Overpopulation in India Essays

Overpopulation in India Essays Overpopulation in India Paper Overpopulation in India Paper Overpopulation in India: Advantages and Disadvantages We are all aware about the various environmental problems that our country faces-Global Warming is one Of them that results from heavy pollution from the industries. Iii)Problem of unemployment There will be a huge problem of unemployment and underemployment with the increase in the population as additional jobs created could not keep pace with the growth rate. Iv)Poverty and Low Standard of Living Low level of per capita income reduces the purchasing power of the people making them poor. They cannot arrange for the proper education of the children resulting in the lower standard of living. V)lunation It has been seen that prices of basic food items rises due to the increase in the population. Advantages of Underproduction I)Greater Availability of Resources In an underdeveloped country, per head availability of natural resources will be higher. Hence farmers will have a greater share in the land or the average holdings will be more. Ii)Low rate of Pollution Arbitration and industrialization will be minimum if the population of the country is small-Hence there will be lower levels of pollution and ecological balance along with biodiversity will be maintained. Iii)Availability of Government funds Government expenditure will reduce considerably and the government will be able to concentrate more on economic development. ISO poor people will have a greater share in the funds and civic amenities. Iv)Higher standard of living An underdeveloped country will be able to utilize its resources effectively with the labor saving technology-Hence per capita income shall be higher which will raise the standard of living. Disadvantages of underproduction I)illuminated Labor Force Insufficient labor forces will utilize the resources in a poor way. Country will also face shortage of labor for its developmental projects.

Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 32

Business - Essay Example The future of being an Educator is great as it provides ways to get involved in the field of study directly, a direct interaction with the students helps to gain awareness about the perspective of the young generation and how the future of the world is going to change according to their mindsets. Now coming to the challenges faced. Professional careers aim is to provide the best of the services one is specialized at without any issues. A decade ago education was not considered a professional job but in today teachers are appreciated to prepare themselves before entering a class. Similarly in coming 4 to 5 years, the level of studies would enhance and a simple explanation won’t be enough to clear the doubts of students. A teacher has to face such challenges and give a logical reasoning and prove his point of view with examples to convince the students. The greatest strength of being a teacher is his knowledge, being a specialized teacher in the field of economics particularly is a benefit in itself. Development is needed in every profession, but specifically for an educator, knowledge of new advancements and discoveries are a must to deliver it to the students. To be a successful educator, a clear way of talking that is easily understandable for all students. Secondly knowledge and skill to teach needs a constant revision. Where as in the coming year I need to enhance few areas to participate and develop professionally. Firstly an educator has to continue his studies as well a professional masters degree in my field of study, secondly adopting the latest way of teaching i-e through presentations and multi-media and lastly to prepare oneself before a particular lecture. All these areas need development to enhance the present as well as future jobs as an educator. The graph of success in a professional career faces sets backs

Aspects of Contract and Negligence for Business Essay - 8

Aspects of Contract and Negligence for Business - Essay Example In this case, Green Parma validly withdrew the offer before it had not yet been accepted by the clients; as such the vendor cannot make claims for any damages. Yes. This promise can be enforced. This is because there is an offer, consideration and acceptance of the remunerative gift for the hard work (McKendrick, 2012). Although, one may argue that there is no valid agreement with Tania such promises of gift are deemed as having been accepted when there is no counter-offer by the beneficiary or where an open refusal of the same is lacking. In respect of the ruling in Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd. v Wednesbury Corporation [1948] 1 KB 223, this promise can be enforced on the grounds that Tania in her supervisory capacity â€Å"willingly† made a compensatory â€Å"offer† to me; as such I developed reasonable expectations that are enforceable. Yes. This contract is legally enforceable. Courts often hold that there is a valid contract where the parties involved are in agreement to perform each of their side of the bargain. In light of this, using Joe’s car obligates me to make contributions towards the purchase of the fuel. However, my refusal to board his car would mean a refusal of the offer and the subsequent legal relations required under the enforcement of a valid contract. The warranty contract between Alban and Brenda’s Garage Ltd ended after 3 months of the purchase. Brenda’s Garage Ltd gave him the option to extend the guarantee for two years at the price of  £350, which would have extended the parameters of his claims. Therefore, the expiry of the warranty then raises the issue of whether Brenda is under the obligation to service the material damage to its engine and gearbox. It can be argued that the warranty was valid because it met the conditions of reasonableness; and the car was of merchantable quality at the time of the purchase. Any defects in the engine and the gearbox could have been noticed by the

Reading Review Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reading Review - Assignment Example Theses artists perceived revolutionary leftist politics as the sole hope against abuse and violence. They therefore placed hope in political art as opportunities to bring change. To communicate to masses of people, the artists organized realism, a style that most people preferred and understood (Barber 31). Some artists such as Diego Rivera used their art to protest social ills. In 1950, Rivera created an artistically huge, multi-layered mural in Mexico City. He drew his ideas from the early colonial manuscripts, Pre-Columbian sculpture, and historical accounts to compose idealistic portraits of utopian Indian traditions, on-going resistance to the dominant Spaniards, and radical assault on imperialist vices. Rivera’s use of new technologies in art was used to protest social evils and had clear appeal to leftist politics, an appeal that expanded to the U.S during the age of depression. Most of researches from art works indicate that femininity failed to fulfill most of the requirements of traditional art history. In the 19th century, these practical limitations did not affect women as much, but in the early years of the 20th century, women were gradually marginalized from paintings. Women, whose reputed powers were in intuition and emotions as opposed to reason were perceived as incapable of delivering symbolic and intellectual arts properly. History art depends on a clear creation of articulated texts, where texts are clearly employed to meet discursive objectives. Similarly, the temperaments needed of a history artist begun to be gendered as â€Å"masculine† thus implying that none of the women artists would have the frame of mind essential to create significant historical art. Since art displayed and needed judgment and imagination; a couple of components of reason, they were traditionally associated with masculinity. A notion came

Cancer Prediction Using Data Mining

Cancer Prediction Using Data Mining Cancer Disease Prediction from Horoscope of a Person Using Data Mining D. JAGADEESWARAN Abstract This paper deals with finding out the possibilities of affliction a person from cancer disease i.e. predicting cancer disease from horoscope of a person using data mining techniques. Horoscope has 12 regions each occupying 300. Each region is called a â€Å"house† that deals with different significations. There are total 9 planets that can occupy any house in a horoscope. According to position of the planets different angular combinations can be formed and these combinations are termed as â€Å"Yoga’s† that are used in predicting features of horoscope. Each house deals with different significations and the same set of combinations obtaining in a particular house might influence the different significations comprehended by the house, in different ways. To be more specific, let us consider the 4th house of a horoscope. It is supposed to signify mother, education, land and house properties. An illiterate person may possess many houses and a long-lived mother while a highly educated person may not possess any properties. This obvious discrepancy has been submissive to some extent by the introduction of a significant factor, viz., the Karaka or indicator. This paper aims at testing new horoscopes finding out different possible angular combinations present in that horoscope and to predict the possibility of cancer disease. This is also an approach to discover out whether Astrology is a scientific study and application of language of the heavenly bodies or not. Index Terms Data Mining, Horoscope reading, Horoscope classification, cancer disease prediction etc. Introduction: Cancer is a term used for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and are able to invade other tissues. Cancer cells can spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems. Cancer is not just one disease but many diseases. There are more than 100 different types of cancer. Most cancers are named for the organ or type of cell in which they start for example, cancer that begins in the colon is called colon cancer; cancer that begins in melanocytes of the skin is called melanoma.Cancer types can be grouped into broader categories. The main categories of cancer include: Carcinoma cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. There are a number of subtypes of carcinoma, including adenocarcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and transitional cellcarcinoma. Sarcoma cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue. Leukemia cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue such as the bone marrow and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter the blood. Lymphoma and myeloma cancers that begin in the cells of the immune system. Central nervous system cancers cancers that begin in the tissues of the brain and spinal cord. Not all tumors are cancerous; tumors can be benign or malignant. Benign tumors arent cancerous. They can often be removed, and, in most cases, they do not come back. Cells in benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body. Malignant tumors are cancerous. Cells in these tumors can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body. The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another is called metastasis. Some cancers do not form tumors. For example, leukemia is a cancer of the bone marrow and blood. Cancer is a long term diseases. Thus, it is imperative that the sixth and the eighth house forma relationship with each other. This is because the sixth house determines the disease and the eighth house signifies the diseases that last long. On the other hand, Saturn and Rahu give the indications for the occurrence of diseases that last long. The position of both the houses play a significant role in analyzing the cancer. Cancer is related to Rahu, afflicted Moon, afflicted Jupiter or Saturn and also forms relations with signs including, Aries, Taurus, Cancer, Libra and Capricorn. The native has a risk of suffering from cancer when the Moon is afflicted being the lord of the sixth house or eighth house in its unfavorable dasha. The risk of suffering from cancer is also high when there are many malefic planets in one house, especially Saturn, Rahu and Mars. The native suffers from the cancer of the respective body part that is represented by the afflicted house. Neptune and Uranus facing each other in a horoscope is considered to be a highly inauspicious position. This situation can even be fatal for the native. Afflicted dashaanath in the horoscope can also give serious diseases like cancer. The dashas that come after the dasha in which the native suffers from Cancer is also analyzed. If these dashas are auspicious, or of favourable planets, or yogakaraka planets, then the disease can be diagnosed in the initial stage only and can be easily treated. Navansh kundli, shahtiyansh kundli and ashtamansha kundli should also be analyzed before reaching to any conclusion. Rahu is considered to the karaka of cancer. However, Mars and Saturn can also give this diseases. Jupiter is considered to be lord of growth and cancer takes place with the growth of dead cells in the body. The risk of cancer is also high when the the lord of the eighth or sixth house is afflicted. Rules for cancer disese: Conjunction of Sat with moon or venus. Saturn and mars aspect or vice versa Malefic lord of 6th in ,6th,8th 10th or 12th. Lord of 6th in 6th ,8th 1oth and 12th. Jupiters aspect on waning moon . Moon and venus aspect on each other. Aspect of saturn on moon or venus. Venus or moon in Rahu ,ketu axis aspected by saturn ,mars or jupiter. I found that venus played a significant role in most charts. Maha dasha or antar of Rahu . Yogas for Cancer Disease When Mars, Moon and the lord of the sixth house conjuncts each other in a horoscope along with Sun, then the person has a risk of getting cancer disease. If Moon and Saturn are in the sixth house of the horoscope, then the person can get Cancer after the age of 55. Conjunction of Jupiter, Saturn and Ketu can become the cause of Cancer. Afflicted Mars and relation of Ashlesha Nakshatra with the ascendant and the sixth house can also result in Cancer. According to Dr. B.V Raman , the risk of Cancer is high when the lord of the sixth house being a malefic is situated in the ascendant, eighth, or tenth house of the horoscope. Saturn in the afflicted state situated in the nakshatra of Rahu can also cause Cancer. When Saturn and Mars conjuncts in the sixth house in Addra or Swati nakshatra. Planets Cancer causing areas in body Planet Body Part to be effected by Cancer Sun Head (Brain), Heart, Stomach, Blood Moon Bone Marrow, Breasts, Lungs, Heart Mars Blood, Bone marrow, Reproductive organs, Uterus, Neck and Rectum Mercury Nose, Mouth, Umbilicous Jupiter Ears, Liver, Thighs, Brain Venus Troat, Reproductive organs Saturn Hands, Feet, Legs, Gums Ketu Head, Neck, Blood, Back/Spine Houses Cancer causing areas in body Malefic Planet influencing House Body Part to be effected by Cancer 1st House Brain, Head 2nd House Mouth 3rd House Throat, Neck 4th House Chest, Breasts, Lungs, Back 5th House Stomach, Blood, Bone Marrow 6th House Liver, Cancers, Pancreas 7th House Reproductive organs 8th House Rectum, Piles, Spine 9th House Thighs 10th House Knees 11th House Legs 12th House Feet In general, Saturn is always linked with all diseases (especially chronic and long term) and if cancer causing planet is in anyway associated (conjunct, aspect, in constellation, in sign) with saturn, then cancer will take long time to cure.Also if either Saturn or cancer causing planet are Retrograde in birth chart, the disease takes longer time to get cured. Saturn and Rahu influencing second house (by placement or aspect) are main reason for tobacco chewing and smoking habits. A person with these aspects should be careful and try to quit tobacco as it can lead to mouth, throat and lung cancer. General horoscope structure for diseases: HOROSCOPE CHART Is the one in which the order of the houses is fixed. It consists of four central rhomboidal houses (which are numbered 1, 4,7 and 10, starting from the upper central rhomboid) and eight triangular houses. The sign rising at the time of birth is marked in the first house or the upper central rhomboid, and the remaining signs marked in regular order in an anti-clockwise direction. CREATING A DATABASE FROM ABOVE HOROSCOPE Every horoscope contains 9 planets, 12 different signs 12 different houses. Depending on the placement of all these different angular combinations are formed. A horoscope can be identified by 11 attributes viz. Ascendant sign signs of 9 Planets. An 11th attribute may be added to represent whether the person will suffer from cancer disease or not. TABLE STRUCTURE The table structure has 11 attributes. That means sun, moon, mars, mercury, Jupiter, venus, Saturn, rajku, kethu, ascendant and cancer disease. That is represented as: Attribute Constraints Datatype Ascendent Sun Moon Mars Mercury Jupiter Venus Saturn Rahu Ketu Cancer disease Not Null Not Null Not Null Not Null Not Null Not Null Not Null Not Null Not Null Not Null Not Null Varchar Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number YES/NO The values are inserted in the database as, Ascendent Sun Moon Mars Mercury Jupiter Venus Saturn Rahu Ketu CancerDisease 2 4 4 3 4 7 4 4 2 8 NO The database can be created for many such horoscopes.This database will serve as the training set in predicting the newer dataset. The training set will contain many horoscopes (For testing, I used 2000 sample horoscope that definitely suffer from Cancer Disease 2000 sample horoscopes that do not suffer from Cancer Disease) is given as input to the classifying algorithm in WEKA. INTERFACING WEKA WITH HOROSCOPE Fig: Applying Horoscope to the WEKA WEKA (WAIKATO ENVIRONMENT FOR KNOWLEDGE ANALYSIS) WEKA is a collection of machine learning algorithms for data mining tasks. The algorithms can either be applied directly to a dataset or called from your own Java code. WEKA contains tools for data pre-processing, classification, regression, clustering, association rules, and visualization. It is also well suited for developing new machine learning schemes. A database created above can be given as input to the WEKA algorithm such as Neural Networks, Lazy, Decision Table etc. a model can be built up from this input. This model is then used in predicting the nature of new horoscope. RESULTS S.No Training Set Size Algorithm Accuracy (%) 1 2 3 4 6000 6000 6000 6000 DecisionTable MultilayerPerceptron J48 LWL 85 93 75 88 CONCLUSION Predicting cancer disease from horoscope of a person is successfully found using data mining techniques. References: International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 7, July 2012 ISSN 2250-3153 Data Mining: A Knowledge Discovery Approach, K. Cios, W. Pedrycz, R.Swiniarski, L. Kurgan, Springer, ISBN: 978-0-387-33333-5, 2007. Data Mining: Concepts, Models, Methods, and Algorithms, Mehmed Kantardzic, ISBN: 0471228524, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2002. Ian Witten and Eibe Frank, Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques, 2nd Edition, Morgan Kaufmann, ISBN 0120884070,2005. WEKA manual.

Critical analysis on A good man is hard to find Essay -- essays rese

Religious Symbolism in â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard To Find† This paper will present a rhetorical context for the use of violence in the short story, â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find,† as she presented in her essay â€Å"The Element of Suspense.† The form of classical tragedy in this story will also be analyzed from the critical theories of Aristotle and Longinus. Tolstoy will be used to examine the use Christian symbolism. Nietzsche will provide a more well-rounded universal conclusion to the uses of tragedy and spiritual elements in this classic story. Flannery O’Connor gave a talk about â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find† in 1963 at Hollins College, Virginia, which was published as the essay, â€Å"The Element of Suspense In ‘A Good Man Is Hard to Find.’† In this essay, O’Connor defined the reasons for using violence in her stories. To establish a basis of reason within the story, O’Connor stated â€Å"Much of my fiction takes its character from a reasonable use of the unreasonable, though the reasonableness may not always be apparent. The assumptions that underlie . . . are those of the central Christian mysteries† ("Suspense" 803). O’Connor placed her characters in seemingly unreasonable situations as a means of creating a sublime experience. Her beliefs were strongly evident in the collected body of her fiction. She commented that, â€Å"Belief, in my own case, is the engine that makes perception operate† ("Suspense" 803). Perhaps the stronge st influence on her writing was her illness with lupus. O’Connor’s struggles with being ill and facing death certainly affected the creation of the characters who awaited a moment of grace. To justify the use of violence in her fiction, O’Connor stated â€Å"in my own stories I have found that violence is strangely capable of returning my characters to reality and preparing them to accept their moment of grace† ("Suspense" 804). Her characters were closed-minded and self-centered. â€Å"Their heads are so hard that nothing else will for the work,† was her justification for using violent means to awaken the characters to reality ("Suspense" 804). Although she employed terror and death in many of her stories, she stated that violence was not the ultimate goal of the stories. â€Å"It is in the extreme situation that best reveals what we are essentially† ("Suspense" 805). O’Connor believed the violent situations her char... ...vior as a means of coping with the tragedy of existence (422). â€Å"The gods show us how there is a need for a whole world of torment in order for the individual to produce the redemptive vision† (422). O’Connor employed Christian beliefs to create cathartic works of fiction in the same way Greek writers used their gods and heroes in tragic literature. â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find† has spiritual meaning which transcends exclusively Christian ideals. O’Connor intended for the audience to become aware of what traits were essential for living and were â€Å"taken into eternity† ("Suspense" 805). The actions of the characters could be viewed through a more open minded screen which, actions that demonstrated the â€Å"real heart of the story† on a level which deals with â€Å"the Divine life and our participation in it† ("Suspense" 803). O’Connor intended for the story to â€Å"transcend any neat allegory† or â€Å"pat moral categories a reader could make† (803). The true heart of the story â€Å"must have somehow made contact with mystery† (803). Readers of diverse spiritual beliefs could still derive meaning from this story, since the unifying feeling of brotherhood is common among major religions.

Parvanas Journey

PARVANAS JOURNEY QUIZ CHAPTERS 6,7,8 PART 1 Complete the following multiple choice. 1. What is a Shalwar Kameez? A. Traditional dress worn by both men and women. B. Knitted Shaw C. Sandals D. Soft-soled leather shoes made from deer skin. 2. What job did Parvana do in exchange for food for Hassan, Asif and herself? A. Clean the Tea House B. Clean the chicken house C. Clean dishes D. Cleaned a pigeons cage 3. As Asif, Parvana and Hassan left the village, what did Asif return to steal? A. Eggs B. Rice C. Water D. Chicken 4. What did Asif make out of grass, down by the stream? A. Ball B. Boat C. Car D. House . What name did Parvana used when she introduced herself as a boy? A. Faraz B. Aadi C. Dakshi D. Kaseem PART 2 Fill in the blanks 1. _______________ Each letter Parvana wrote she addressed it to her best friend. What was her name? 2. _______________ What did Asif say he would buy out of his share of the treasure? 3. _______________ Parvana’s journey was to keep walking in hope s of bumping into who. 4. _______________ When Parvana, Asif and Hassan arrived in the tiny village, they spoke with some boys playing what sport? 5. _______________ Asif wanted to help Parvana out by carrying what on his back?PART 3 True or False 1. _____ The treasure chest found by Asif and Parvana was full of soap. 2. _____ When Parvana and Hassan left the cave, Asif decided to join them just to annoy Parvana. 3. _____ Out of anger Parvana returned to the chicken house to steal eggs. 4. _____ After Parvana finished cleaning the chickens house, the man returned with three bowls of white rice. 5. _____ Asif played baseball with the boys in the village for a drink of water. ANSWER KEY Multiple Choice A B D A D Fill in the blanks Shauzia Horses Mother Hassan Soccer True or False False True True False False

chinese foot binding essays

chinese foot binding essays As I read the newspaper story, my eyes widen with every word, According to the National Institute of Mental Health there are over 5 million people in the United States suffering with eating disorders. 1% of all North American teenagers have eating disorders. 10% of these teenagers will die. People struggling with anorexia are among those whose health are at great risk...( www.planet-therapy.com) And then I see a picture of a young girl, nothing but bones and skin, looking wasted away. I ask myself, What wont people do for beauty? They say, True beauty comes from within. However true this statement may be, in almost every society throughout history, women have been required to undergo major and often painful physical alterations in the name of beauty and social status. Perhaps one of the most agonizing beatifications in all of history is the Chinese tradition of foot binding. Foot binding is an ancient tradition that involves the reshaping of the womans feet to achieve a smaller foot. Accompanied by unimaginable pain and crippling limitations, Chinese foot binding is a testament to how far humans will go to be beautiful. As with most other beautification processes, such as ear piercing or tattooing, Chinese foot binding has significant cultural and social implications. In addition, using modern technology, we can also see the physiological effects of foot binding. Foot binding began in the late T'ang Dynasty (618-906) and it gradually spread through the upper class during the Song Dynasty (960-1297). During the Ming period (1368-1644) and the Ching Dynasty (1644-1911) the custom of foot binding spread through the overwhelming majority of the Chinese population (Mo-chn, 65). It began with the emperor Li Yu of the Tang Dynasty who, acting on his fetish for small feet, instructed his favorite concubine, Lovely Maiden, to bind her feet in silk cloth in ord...

Translation - Definition and Examples

Translation s The word translation can be defined as: The process of turning an original or source text into a text in another language.A translated version of a text. An individual or a computer program that renders a text into another language is called a translator. The discipline concerned with issues related to the production of translations is called translation studies.   Etymology:From the Latin, translat-  carried across Examples and Observations: intralingual translation - translation within the same language, which can involve rewording or paraphrase;interlingual translation - translation from one language to another, andintersemiotic translation - translation of the verbal sign by a non-verbal sign, for example music or image.Three Types of TranslationIn his seminal paper, On Linguistic Aspects of Translation (Jacobson 1959/2000. see Section B, Text B1.1), the Russo-American linguist Roman Jakobson makes a very important distinction between three types of written translation: Only the second category, interlingual translation, is deemed translation proper by Jakobson.(Basil Hatim and Jeremy Munday, Translation: An Advanced Resource Book. Routledge, 2005)Translation is like a woman. If it is beautiful, it is not faithful. If it is faithful, it is most certainly not beautiful. (attributed to Yevgeny Yevtushenko, among others).(Literal or word-for-word attempts can result in some amusing translation fails).   Translation and Style ï » ¿To translate, one must have a style of his own, for otherwise, the translation will have no rhythm or nuance, which come from the process of artistically thinking through and molding the sentences; they cannot be reconstituted by piecemeal imitation. The problem of translation is to retreat to a simpler tenor of ones own style and creatively adjust this to ones author. (Paul Goodman, Five Years: Thoughts During a Useless Time, 1969) The Illusion of Transparency A translated text, whether prose or poetry, fiction or nonfiction, is judged acceptable by most publishers, reviewers, and readers when it reads fluently, when the absence of any linguistic or stylistic peculiarities makes it seem transparent, giving the appearance that it reflects the foreign writers personality or intention or the essential meaning of the foreign textthe appearance, in other words, that the translation is not, in fact, a translation, but the original. The illusion of transparency is an effect of fluent discourse, of the translators effort to ensure easy readability by adhering to current usage, maintaining continuous syntax, fixing a precise meaning. What is so remarkable here is that this illusory effect conceals the numerous conditions under which the translation is made . . .. (Lawrence Venuti, The Translators Invisibility: A History of Translation. Routledge, 1995) The Process of Translation Here, then, is the full process of translation. At one point we have a writer in a room, struggling to approximate the impossible vision that hovers over his head. He finishes it, with misgivings. Some time later we have a translator struggling to approximate the vision, not to mention the particulars of language and voice, of the text that lies before him. He does the best he can but is never satisfied. And then, finally, we have the reader. The reader is the least tortured of this trio, but the reader too may very well feel that he is missing something in the book, that through sheer ineptitude he is failing to be a proper vessel for the book’s overarching vision. (Michael Cunningham, Found in Translation. The New York Times, Oct. 2, 2010) The Untranslatable Just as there are no exact synonyms within a language (big does not mean precisely the same as large), there are no exact matches for words or expressions across languages. I can express the notion four year old male uncastrated domesticated reindeer in English. But our tongue lacks the economy of information packaging found in Tofa, a nearly extinct tongue I studied in Siberia. Tofa equips reindeer herders with words like chary with the above meaning. Furthermore, that word exists within a multidimensional matrix that defines the four salient (for the Tofa people) parameters of reindeer: age, sex, fertility, and rideability. Words are untranslateable because [they] do not exist in a flat, alphabetised dictionary style list, but rather in a richly structured taxonomy of meaning. They are defined by their oppositions to and similarities to multiple other wordsin other words, the cultural backdrop. (K. David Harrison, linguist at Swarthmore College, in Seven Questions for K. David Harr ison. The Economist, Nov. 23, 2010) Pronunciation: trans-LAY-shen

Advantages of Studying Abroad and Being Bilingual Person Essay

Advantages of Studying Abroad and Being Bilingual Person - Essay Example I have noted that learning abroad and being multilingual helps a person in acquiring new contacts. In these days, people are advancing by creating a network of friends and acquaintances. As such, it will be easier to be connected to friends and acquaintances especially when looking for greener pastures (Cressey 127). Similarly, this is an avenue of making lifetime connections with people across the globe. This will be vital in getting updates from all over the world. As such, I will have new experiences in different parts of the world. Studying abroad is an avenue of advancing in academics and education. I have noted that people who have attended school in the world’s renowned institutions have a high quality of education. This is owing to the resources and high quality of tutors in the schools. Apparently, studying abroad is an advantage as most of the learners have all the required pieces of equipment and resources at their exposure. This makes learning easier and effective. Similarly, people that are educated abroad have a higher chance of getting well-paying jobs in the world. Since such people are bilingual, it makes working in different parts of the world easier (Cressey 111). In addition to this, learning abroad is a way of enhancing career development. The diversity of an individual in language and learning is an advantage.  

Case 5 Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

5 - Case Study Example The p-value can also be termed as the probability of obtaining the exact value for a model built around two hypotheses are neutral or null. The other one is the hypothesis under testing. In case the p-value is less than or equal to the threshold value previously set, one discards the neutral hypothesis and the test on the hypothesis is considered valid. The concept of p-value can be applied in several fields. In approach of Ronald Fisher, p-value is a key concept where uses it to measure the weight of the data alongside a specified hypothesis and as a standard to ignore data that does not have anything to do with any alternative hypothesis, which is instead a feature of the Neyman-Pearson approach. It should not be contracted with the significance level in the above approach defined by Neyman-Pearson approach. Essentially, the p-value does not in itself give support reasoning about the likelihoods of hypotheses, nor selecting among unlike hypotheses–it is just a measure of how possible the data have happened by coincident, supposing the null hypothesis is correct. Arithmetical hypothesis experiments making use of p-values are normally applied in many fields of science and social sciences, such as economics, criminal justice and criminology, psychology, biology, and sociology (Tai, Bee, and David 21). Regression is a degree of the relation among the average worth of one variable and conforming worth of the additional variables. In the other hand, coefficient is the numerical quality placed before and reproducing the variable in an algebraic. Regression can also be referred as the factor that measures some possessions. Regression scrutiny generates an equation to define the statistical interaction between one or more forecaster variables and the same reaction variable. The p-value for each term examines the null hypothesis that

Briefly assess the strategies of Thoreau, King and Gandhi. Who faced Essay

Briefly assess the strategies of Thoreau, King and Gandhi. Who faced the most monumental task Thoreau trying to end U.S. slaver - Essay Example Each of these three people fought against social injustice using various means at their disposal, by employing creative strategies to fight against entrenched economic interests and also long-standing cultural and political practices. Moreover, this essay also attempts to give the reader some points to ponder, on how these strategies can be used today to achieve a certain aim or advocacy, such as fighting climate change, gun control, and human rights. Discussion Henry David Thoreau was an eminent American author, philosopher, poet, naturalist, social critic, historian, and most importantly, an abolitionist who fought hard against slavery. His writings were instrumental in shaping American public opinion in his time on the evils of slavery, as an aberration in American historical and political development. He is most famous for his book Walden, which is a philosophical reflection on the benefits of simple living while his essay â€Å"Civil Disobedience† laid the groundwork for later activists such as Gandhi and also Martin Luther King himself; the principles in the said essay are to fight for individual rights. However, it was his essay â€Å"A Plea for Captain John Brown† in 1853 which made the people who were against slavery take notice of how important it was to fight for liberty, this in behalf of the black slaves. This particular essay was delivered as a speech in defense of the attack carried out by Captain Brown and his men against a federal government armory; with a hope of capturing firearms and to distribute these to plantation slaves and spark a rebellion. Although many thought the attack was foolhardy, even suicidal, from a military standpoint, it was Thoreau's effusive speech which praised Brown that galvanized the Northerners to finally end slavery. He said it costs nothing to be just. The basis of Thoreau’s political thinking came from his â€Å"Civil Disobedience† essay where he advocates for people to assert their cit izens’ rights against a government which they think has become unjust, that the best government is a government that governs the least. Resistance to government can be justified if following it is unconscionable; additionally, strong individuals can take action on their own if they will think their government is uncaring, unwieldy, too big, or even abusive or repressive. An example of this individualistic attitude was Captain Brown, who saw it fit to take action on his own to end slavery, but Thoreau did not want anarchy but only a better government (Thoreau 2). The moral philosophy of Thoreau also influenced the political ideas of Mohandas Karamchand (Mahatma) Gandhi in his uphill struggle against British colonial rule in India. In particular, the strategies used by Gandhi were based on Thoreau's moral civil disobedience. This is a focal point in Gandhi's fight because it gave him and his followers the moral high ground. Gandhi was a lawyer, and he knew there were many insta nces in which laws can be immoral. In this regard, he used the legal system to beat the British using his peaceful civil disobedience, such as not paying taxes (reminiscent of what Thoreau also did who went to jail for one night) and in leading the 400-km march against the British-imposed national salt tax. Martin Luther King (MLK) was a pivotal figure in the Civil Rights Movement as he struggled to

The Two Waiters At The Café Essay Example for Free

The Two Waiters At The Cafà © Essay Ernest Hemingway’s short story, â€Å"A Clean, Well-Lighted Place† is about two waiters discussing an old customer late in the night.   The younger waiter is anxious to go home, while the older waiter is in no hurry whatsoever.   The latter would like to stay at the cafà © to serve customers who might drop by unexpectedly, seeing that the cafà © is a clean and well-lighted place while bars are not as clean and well-lighted.   The younger waiter, on the other hand, is in a hurry to get into bed with his wife.    The older waiter lives by himself and finds it difficult to sleep in the night.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An obvious difference between the older waiter and the younger waiter is that the latter poses questions and expects the older waiter to possess answers for each of them.   The older waiter is asked about the old customer in detail.   Although he does not possess all answers to the younger waiter’s questions, he makes inferences to develop the conversation.   Moreover, the younger waiter mentions that he is full of confidence, which the older waiter says that he lacks.   The younger waiter does not mention lack in his life in any way, while the older waiter feels that he is deprived of everything other than work.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lastly, while the younger waiter is focused on ending his work for the night and returning home, the older waiter indulges in a great deal of thinking.   He speculates about the life of the old customer, and also tries to engage the younger waiter in deep thinking.   When the younger waiter mentions that he would like to return home, the older waiter asks him the meaning of an hour.   To this, the younger waiter replies that an hour is more precious to him than to the old customer.   The old waiter explains that an hour is the same to both individuals.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Even as he goes home, the older waiter must decide to stop thinking.   He says to himself, nevertheless, that many people may be experiencing insomnia.   The younger waiter is not expected to think so much.   It can be inferred that the younger waiter’s life is based on actions rather than thoughts for the most part. Works Cited Hemingway, Ernest. â€Å"A Clean, Well-Lighted Place.†

Extraction of Impacted Mandibular Third Molars

Extraction of Impacted Mandibular Third Molars INTRODUCTION The extraction of impacted mandibular third molars is a common  procedure in oral and maxillofacial surgery. The reasons for extracting  these teeth include acute or chronic pericoronitis, presence of cysts or a  tumour, periodontal problems and presence of a carious lesion on the  second or third mandibular molar. In some cases, extraction is performed  in preparation for orthodontic treatment or orthognathic surgery  In most cases, the removal of third molars will lead to a significant degree  of tissue trauma that causes an inflammatory reaction. Thus, the patient  develops the common postoperative symptoms and signs of pain, facial  swelling, dysfunction, and limited mouth opening (trismus). The pain is typically brief and will peak in intensity in the  early postoperative period.The facial swelling and trismus will reach their  characteristic maximum 48 to 72 hours after surgery. Those symptoms are  major disadvantage and affect the patients quality of life. The  inflammatory process is necessary if healing of traumatic tissue has to  occur, but often excessive inflammation lead to unnecessary pain, trismus  and swelling. The impact of these symptoms affect the quality of life in the  days following surgery. Injured tissues immediately release local inflammatory mediators, like histamine, that produce vasodilatation leading to extravasations resulting in edema and sensitize the peripheral noci-receptors resulting in hyperalgesia. Although these inflammatory mediators are released immediately after the trauma, these symptoms are not observed immediate after the surgery but rather begin gradually, peaking 1 3 days after the surgery. Pain has been an indispensible part of all surgical procedures and minor oral surgical procedures are not an exclusion. Through ages mankind has been in constant quest for various methods to control pain . The specificity theory proposed in 17th century by Descartes R explains pain as the activity of highly specific peripheral nerve endings that receive sensory information from the environment, which is then transmitted by nerve fibres through the spinal cord to the pain centre, or the pineal body, in the forebrain. However it is merely a biological explanation and does not address the multidimensional, complex process of pain as we understand today.1 Various factors contribute to determine the intensity of post-operative complications such as host defense mechanism, type of healing, duration of the procedure, 4-8extent of reflection of the mucoperiosteal flap, types of flaps, bone removal, need for tooth sectioning, 5and experience of the surgeon.9,10 To increase patients satisfaction after third molar surgery it will be necessary to avoid the inconvenience associated with tooth extraction and minimize the subsequent side effects. Methods to reduce the side effects is to prescribe medications such as corticosteriods , non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs , a combination of corticosteroids and non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs or enzyme preparation. Synthetic inflammation inhibitors which are active at certain points during the course of the inflammatory reactions are available. They are sometimes associated with undesirable side effects such as insomnia, depression, systemic fungal infection, increased calcium excretion, gastrointestinal irritation, visual complaints, fever and fatigue. These inflammation inhibitors are divided mainly into two groups: Steroids, i.e., cortisone and its derivatives, and the Non-Steroids, which are usually salicylic acid derivatives such as butazolidine, indomethacin and others. The side effects of prolonged corticosteroids use are well known, and are fundamentally dependent upon the dose employed and the duration of treatment. These effects include peptic ulcer, immune suppression, water and electrolyte balance metabolic effects, muscle atrophy, osteoporosis, increased fatty tissue (full moon facial appearance), Cushing syndrome, avascular osteonecrosis, lessened resistance to infection, hirsutism, amenorrhea, acne, hyperglycemia or hypertension. Systemic glucocorticoids , which are frequently used as anti-inflammatory agents, are well-known to inhibit wound repair via global anti-inflammatory effects and suppression of cellular wound responses, including fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis. Systemic steroids cause wounds to heal with incomplete granulation tissue and reduced wound contraction. Glucocorticoids also inhibit production of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), a key transcriptional factor in healing wounds Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) have been used since many years for their analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Although these drugs have been proven efficient in management of post operative pain, adverse effects and associated morbidity pose a serious problem. It has long been known that NSAID may have a range of side effects, of which the commonest are gastrointestinal.5 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen are widely used for the treatment of inflammation and rheumatoid arthritis and for pain management. Low-dosage aspirin, due to its anti-platelet function, is commonly used as a preventive therapeutic for cardiovascular disease, but not as an anti-inflammatory drug. In contrast to chemical inhibitors of inflammation such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), enzyme preparations support and accelerate the natural inflammatory process without contributing to pain, redness and swelling. This is accomplished by helping degrade and remove plasma proteins and fibrin that invade the interstitial space within tissues at the site of inflammation. Improved microcirculation and removal of inflammatory products results in an analgesic effect and complaint relief. Proteolytic systemic enzymes (proteases), such as those found in bromelain, papain and pancreatin, cleave protein compounds by hydrolysis. That is, they split their substrate by incorporating water. These enzymes are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract into the bloodstream and travel to specific sites where they break down cell debris, fibrin and toxins. They also stimulate phagocytosis within the immune system and accelerate elimination by way of the lymphatic system and blood vessels. This translates into improved circulation and reduced inflammation. Proteolytic enzymes, which when taken with a meal is used to help digest food. Proteolytic enzymes are known as systemic enzyme supplements and are taken on an empty stomach, 45 minutes to one hour before meals or 3 hours after a meal, to digest proteinaceous or fibrous waste material throughout the body including the outer coating of bacteria, necrotic tissue and immune complexes. The only negative effects are for people with rare cases of protein allergies. Purpose of this randomized , single blind study is to compare the efficacy of proteolytic enzyme such as bromelain , trypsin and rutoside as an alternative to corticosteroids in pre and post- operative swelling , pain and trismus after removal of third molar.